Section 1 | What is Antimicrobial Resistance and Stewardship?

The thoughtless person playing with penicillin treatment is morally responsible for the death of the man who succumbs to infection with the penicillin-resistant infection… I hope this evil can be averted.

Sir Alexander Fleming

The discovery of penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming, the Scottish physician that discovered penicillin ushered in a revolution in modern medicine. Over a relatively short period of time, infections that had for centuries been a major threat to animal and human survival had suddenly become treatable. In agriculture, the use of antimicrobials was one factor that contributed to the intensification of livestock production, thereby improving production efficiency and satisfying a growing demand for animal protein¹.

Just as Sir Alexander Fleming cautioned, antibiotics soon started to be less effective over time. The figure below outlines the relatively short time that took to identify resistance to some key antibiotics following its widespread use.

Figure: Timeline of antimicrobial resistance development relative to the first year each antimicrobial agent was marketed.

Penicillin was in limited use prior to widespread population use in 1943. This table is adapted from CDC’s “Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2013”².

What is Antimicrobial Resistance?

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the phenomenon by which microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses) naturally have, acquire, or develop the ability to survive in the presence of the compounds designed to kill them or limit their growth. For this discussion, the focus is on bacteria. When exposed to antimicrobials (selection pressure), resistant bacteria survive and multiply, and in some cases are able to pass on their resistance to other bacteria, potentially spreading resistance across different populations and species of bacteria (which can then go on to potentially infect animals and humans).

Why is AMR Important?

It’s estimated that over 2 million human illnesses annually are caused by AMR infections in the USA alone, resulting in approximately 23,000 deaths². Globally, that number balloons to an estimated 700,000 deaths annually due to AMR infections³. Indeed, if AMR continues to spread unchecked, by 2050 approximately 10 million people could die from AMR infections every year³ (figure below). Essentially, if action is not taken immediately to address the issue, we will enter the post-antibiotic era, in which infectious diseases have the potential to be as devastating as they once were during the pre-antibiotics era.

Why Should We be Concerned About AMR in Animal Health and Veterinary Medicine?

The concern over AMR in animal populations is two-fold:

• Animal health: An increase in the proportion of bacterial pathogens resistant to antibiotics means infections in animals become harder (or impossible) to treat, which leads to increased morbidity and mortality
• Human health: AMR bacteria of animal origin can spread to human populations in several ways, leading to infections in people that are harder (or impossible) to treat:
  • Direct contact between farm workers and animals⁴
  • Contamination of foods of animal origin (e.g. meat, milk, eggs)⁵
  • Contamination of the environment with animal manure⁶

Though the magnitude of the risk is far from certain⁶, there is clear evidence that antimicrobial use (AMU) in animals plays a role in the development of AMR in humans⁴. Therefore, it is of utmost importance that steps are taken to mitigate the development of AMR in animal populations. Everyone who uses and prescribes antimicrobials plays a role in the development and implementation of solutions to combat the spread of AMR.